Wednesday, February 6, 2013

The Sound of Music






The Sound of Music (1959) is a musical with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II and a book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse. It is based on the memoir of Maria von Trapp, The Story of the Trapp Family Singers. Many songs from the musical have become standards, such as "Edelweiss", "My Favorite Things", "Climb Ev'ry Mountain", "Do-Re-Mi", and the title song "The Sound of Music".




The original Broadway production,[1] starring Mary Martin and Theodore Bikel, opened on November 16, 1959; the show has enjoyed numerous productions and revivals since then. It was adapted as a 1965 film musical starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer, which won five Academy Awards. The Sound of Music was the final musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein; Hammerstein died of cancer nine months after the Broadway premiere


After viewing The Trapp Family, a 1956 West German film about the von Trapp family, and its 1958 sequel, (Die Trapp-Familie in Amerika), stage director Vincent J. Donehue thought that the project would be perfect for his friend Mary Martin; Broadway producers Leland Hayward and Richard Halliday (Martin's husband) agreed.[2] The producers originally envisioned a non-musical play that would be written by Lindsay and Crouse and that would feature songs from the repertoire of the Trapp Family Singers. Then they decided to add an original song or two, perhaps by Rodgers and Hammerstein. But it was soon agreed that the project should feature all new songs and be a musical rather than a play.[3]




Details of the history of the von Trapp family were altered for the musical. The real Georg Ludwig von Trapp did live with his family in a villa in Aigen, a suburb of Salzburg, and Maria von Trapp had been sent to be a tutor to one of the children. Lindsey and Crouse altered the story so that Maria was governess to all of them. The names and ages of the children were also altered. The von Trapps spent some years in Austria after Maria and the Captain married and, when they left Austria after the Anschluss, they went by train to Italy and then traveled to London and the United States.[4] To make the story more dramatic, Lindsey and Crouse had the family, soon after Maria and the Captain's wedding, escape over the mountains to Switzerland on foot.
















Natural gas

Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, with other hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide.[1] Natural gas is an important energy source to provide heating and electricity. It is also used as fuel for vehicles and as a chemical feedstock in the manufacture of plastics and other commercially important organic chemicals.




Natural gas is found in deep underground natural rock formations or associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs in coal beds and as methane clathrates. Petroleum is also another resource found in proximity to and with natural gas. Most natural gas was created over time by two mechanisms: biogenic and thermogenic. Biogenic gas is created by methanogenic organisms in marshes, bogs, landfills, and shallow sediments. Deeper in the earth, at greater temperature and pressure, thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material.[2][3]



Before natural gas can be used as a fuel, it must undergo processing to clean the gas and remove impurities, including water, to meet the specifications of marketable natural gas. The by-products of processing include ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide (which may be converted into pure sulfur), carbon dioxide, water vapor, and sometimes helium and nitrogen.



Natural gas is often informally referred to simply as gas, especially when compared to other energy sources such as oil or coal.



Sunday, September 16, 2012


แม่น้ำโขง มีต้นกำเนิดจากเทือกเขาหิมาลัย ไหลผ่านมณฑลชิงไห่ ประเทศจีน และบริเวณที่ราบสูงธิเบต ไหลลงสู่ทะเลจีนใต้ ผ่านประเทศจีน ประเทศลาว ประเทศพม่า ประเทศไทย ประเทศกัมพูชา และประเทศเวียดนาม มีความยาวทั้งหมด 4,880 กิโลเมตร เป็นความยาวในประเทศจีน 2,130 กิโลเมตร ช่วงที่แม่น้ำไหลผ่านประเทศจีนมีชื่อเรียกว่า แม่น้ำหลานชางเจียง หรือ แม่น้ำล้านช้าง และเมื่อไหลผ่านเข้าเขตประเทศพม่า และประเทศลาว เรียกว่า แม่น้ำของ ในภาษาไทยเรียกว่า แม่น้ำโขง ยังเป็นเส้นเขตแดนระหว่างประเทศไทยกับประเทศลาวด้วย
ลักษณะสำคัญของแม่น้ำโขงคือ มีตลิ่งที่สูงชันมากทั้งสองฝั่ง ไหลเลี้ยวเลาะไปตามไหล่เขา กระแสน้ำจะไหลจากทางเหนือลงสู่ทางใต้ตลอดทั้งปี ระดับน้ำในฤดูฝนกับฤดูแล้งจะมีความแตกต่างกันอย่างมาก ความเร็วของกระแสน้ำขึ้นอยู่กับแต่ละฤดูกาล ดินในแม่น้ำโขงเป็นดินทราย มีเกาะแก่งน้อยใหญ่กว่าหนึ่งร้อยแห่งเรียงรายตลอดแม่น้ำ ทำให้ได้รับการขนานนามว่า แม่น้ำดานูบตะวันออก
สัตว์น้ำขนาดใหญ่ที่มีความสำคัญและพบได้เฉพาะในแม่น้ำโขงได้แก่ ปลาบึก (Pangasianodon gigas)

แม่น้ำโขงกับความเชื่อพื้นบ้าน

คนไทยและคนลาวมีความเชื่อเกี่ยวกับพญานาค หรืองูขนาดใหญ่ที่มีฤทธิ์มาก ว่าอาศัยอยู่ในแม่น้ำโขง ตำนานพญานาคที่เกี่ยวข้องกับแม่น้ำโขงก็เช่น ตำนานวังนาคินทร์คำชะโนด
นอกจากนี้ ทุกวันออกพรรษาจะมีประชาชนจำนวนมากไปเยือนริมฝั่งแม่น้ำของในประเทศไทย แถบอำเภอโพนพิสัย จังหวัดหนองคาย เพื่อดูปรากฏการณ์บั้งไฟพญานาค ซึ่งสร้างรายได้ให้แก่จังหวัดเป็นอย่างมาก จังหวัดที่มีปรากฏการณ์บั่งไฟพญานาคที่มีประชาชนนิยมไปเฝ้าดูมากที่สุด คือ จังหวัดหนองคาย ซึ่งในช่วงระยะเวลาหลายปีที่ผ่านมา มีกลุ่มนักวิจัยจากหลายสถาบันได้ออกมาชี้ชัด หรือหาหลักฐานอธิบายปรากฏการณ์ดังกล่าว ว่าเกิดจากกลุ่มก๊าซธรรมชาติที่มีอยู่ในแม่น้ำโขง อาทิเช่น ก๊าซมีเทน เป็นต้น แต่ก็ยังมิได้มีหลักฐานชี้ชัดเป็นที่แน่นอน ว่าเหตุการณ์ดังกล่าว เกิดจากการกระทำของพญานาค หรือ เกิดจากการกระทำของธรรมชาติกันแน่
แหล่งท่องเที่ยวที่สำคัญสำหรับการชมภูมิทัศน์ของลำน้ำโขงที่มีชื่อเสียงได้แก่ บริเวณสามเหลี่ยมทองคำ ตอนบนของจังหวัดเชียงราย ซึ่งเป็นบริเวณที่เป็นรอยต่อระหว่างพรมแดน 3 ประเทศ ได้แก่ ไทย ลาว และพม่า




Tuesday, August 7, 2012

Jackie Evancho


Jacqueline Marie "JackieEvancho (born April 9, 2000) is an American classical crossover singer who has gained wide recognition at an early age.
Between 2008 and 2010, Evancho entered several talent competitions; made singing appearances, mostly in Pennsylvania (including atPittsburgh Pirates baseball games); issued an independent album, Prelude to a Dream; and attracted interest on YouTube. Later in 2010, at the age of 10, she gained wider popularity with her performances in the fifth season of the America's Got Talent (AGT) competition, finishing in second place. With the subsequent release of her O Holy Night EP, she became the best-selling debut artist of 2010, the youngest top-10 debut artist in U.S. history and the youngest solo artist ever to go platinum. In June 2011, her first full-length major-label album, Dream With Me, debuted at #2 on American album charts, and she became the youngest top-5 debut artist in UK history. Billboard ranked Evancho the top Classical Albums Artist for 2011.
Evancho impressed composers Tim Janis and David Foster, each of whom included her in his concerts beginning in 2009. Foster laterproduced Evancho's album, Dream With Me, and her first PBS special for the television series, Great Performances. Evancho first performed in front of U.S. President Barack Obama at the 2010 National Christmas Tree lighting in Washington, D.C. She is the ambassador for "Mission: Humane", a Humane Society program which encourages children's involvement in the protection of animals. She features songs from Dream With Me in a 2011–12 concert tour with symphony orchestras. Evancho released another studio album, Heavenly Christmas, in November 2011. The same month, she became the youngest person ever to give a solo concert atLincoln Center in New York City. A national cotillion organization listed her as one of the "ten best-mannered people of 2011".

Thursday, May 31, 2012

The Boat That Went Both on Land and on Water

There, was once a great kingdom whose king had a daughter to marry off. A bit proud she was, but more beautiful than any. The king was in no hurry to find her a husband. He loved to have her with him, for she was as quick as a warbler, as straight as an arrow, and as sunny as an Easter day. He didn't look forward to letting any young man have her, not even a king's son. "Anyway," thought he, "where will I ever find a real match for her? She's my daughter, after all, the daughter of a great king."




But in time, the queen, the dishwasher, the minister, and the cobbler, in fact everyone in the castle and in the streets, began reminding the king at every turn that this daughter of his was his only child and that he had to get her married -- not to a prince, perhaps, if he couldn't think of a suitable one, but at least to a capable lad who could one day govern the kingdom.



"Is that what you want?" cried the king one morning, as his minister brought the subject up for the umpteenth time. "Is that your wish? You want a capable lad? All right, at the stroke of noon, have it announced with a flourish of trumpets that I'll give my daughter to anyone who takes wood from my forest and builds me a boat that goes both on land and on water. Yes, I'll say, to anyone who comes asking for her riding a boat like that!"



To himself he said, "A lot of water will flow under the bridges before any mother's son brings me a boat you can sail over fields and waves. These fools won't pester me any more with their nonsense about having to get my girl married!"


In the same kingdom, near the castle, lived two brothers, both country boys. The elder was so clever, I tell you, his hands could make him anything he wanted. He could have made a cat a new pair of eyes, as they say.




He knew he was clever, though. In fact, he knew it a bit too well. Self-confidence is fine, but you see, you shouldn't count too much on your own cleverness. The lad said to himself, "If anyone's to build this boat that goes both on land and on water, why, it has to be me! I'll build it and I'll win the king's daughter. If I don't, no one else around here will!"



He took up his saw, his ax, and his adze; he filled his toolbox with chisels, gouges, and hammer. Then with a light step he set off for the king's forest.



On his way over Three Beech Trees Hill he met an old woman like the ones who comb the woods for dead branches. She greeted him.



"Good day, journeyman carpenter!" she cried. "Did you wake up this morning in good spirits?"



Courtesy should have made him stop, since she'd struck up a conversation. But he strode proudly by, filled as he was that morning with self-importance -- he who always seemed to have the world at his fingertips. He only nodded to her.



"Where are you off to?" she asked.

"To look after my business."

"What are you going to do with all your tools?"

"Make me some skittles!"

"Very well then, journeyman, skittles they shall be!"



When he got to work in the king's forest, everything he felled, shaped, or carved turned to skittles. He began again with elm and ash instead of beech, but it all ended up the same: skittles, nothing but skittles.




Being hot-tempered, he got angry and swore, then hurled adze, gouge, saw, and chisel through the trees. That way he labored twice: first throwing, then picking up.



In the evening he came home looking as though he'd been taken down a peg or two. "I ran into one of those old women with the evil eye," he complained to his younger brother. "Anyway, it was stupid of me to get wrapped up in the idea of building that boat. A boat that sails both on land and on water! Why, it'll be a month of Sundays before anyone builds such a contraption! The king just wanted to show everyone who's boss."



"You never know!" the younger objected. "Time is the father of miracles. You should have kept at it."



"You keep at it, then," growled the elder, angry again. "You go to the king's forest tomorrow and waste your time."



The younger didn't answer. He wouldn't have started the job on his own, but he wasn't going to turn away from it now. You have to let yourself be led and trust that you will be led.


The next morning he took the toolbox and set off for the king's forest, humming a song. On Three Beech Trees Hill he met an old woman hobbling along, bent in two, with one hand on her hip. She looked like one of the women who gather deadwood in the forest.




"Good day, journeyman carpenter," she greeted him.

"And to you, good lady."

"Where are you off to work?"

"My brother sent me to the king's forest. He wants me to see if I can build this boat the king's asking for. I don't know quite what I'll do, but sometimes ideas come when you try."

"A good thought, journeyman. Why shouldn't you succeed? Just get to work."

"Oh, don't worry, I will."

"And when you've built it, go up and show it to the king. On the way you'll meet six men-at-arms. Have them board your boat one after the other. The time will come when you'll need them."



The younger brother tipped his hat to her and took careful note of what she'd said. Then he thanked her and said good-bye.


He came to the king's forest, took off his jacket, and began felling trees.




Believe it or not, the wood he cut fell into place all by itself. One branch made an axle, another the rudder; one length made the gunwale, another the rail. The pieces joined themselves each to each by tenon and mortise, fitted themselves where they belonged, and worked out what the next piece would be. The whole design grew by itself. At last the boat the king had dreamed of, without even knowing what it might look like, took shape Under the lad's fingers just as a pine cone takes shape on the tree -- but a mite faster.



The journeyman sang and the work went forward. By midday the boat was finished -- perfectly finished, and even rather nicely decorated with delicate carvings.



The lad went aboard to try it out. The boat rolled down to the pond, launched itself, came back to land, and sailed as well on land as on water! So he steered it toward the castle where the king lived.



Without horses or mules, this carriage-boat sailed so straight over rivers, ponds, fields, and moors chat the tall poplars bent low out of its path and the whole landscape glided swiftly by. The lad rolled along, hair to the wind; but he still didn't assume, as many others would have done in his place, that he was the best in the world.


The first person he met on the way was a man-at-arms with a belly like a huge water-skin, lying flat on his stomach by the river. When someone wanted to cross, he'd swallow the river at one gulp so the person could go dry-shod.




"Ahoy, what are you doing there?" the lad cried.

"Drinking up the river!"

"That's all you do?"

"Yes, and I live very well by it!"

"Come aboard, I'll take you to the king's castle."



A little farther on he found another man-at-arms with a mouth like that of an oven, gnawing furiously at a mountain.



"Say, what are you doing there?"

"Chewing up the mountain!"

"That's all you do?"

"Yes, and I live very well by it!"

"Come aboard, I'll take you to the king's castle."


What did he see a little farther on? Another man-at-arms with a backside as round as the full moon. The fellow was lying on his back, and the wind from his behind was turning nine mills on the hill.




"Say, what are you doing there?"

"Living off my wind!"

"That's all you do?"

"Yes, and I live very well by it!"



The lad took this third man-at-arms on board his rolling boat.



Next was a fourth man-at-arms with ears like cabbage leaves. He was lying full-length on his side, with one ear to the earth, listening to dandelions grow on the other side of the world. This Sharp-Ears had no other trade and he lived very well. The lad had him come aboard, then sailed on toward the king's castle.



And next? A fifth man-at-arms, with arms like staves, who was throwing stones and knocking down larks for a hundred leagues around. That was all he did, and it gave him a good living! On board, on board! He too boarded the boat that went both on land and on water.



And last? A sixth man-at-arms, with legs like poles, who'd put on these legs to catch hares and who could out-race any hare! That was all he did, and it gave him a good living.



"Come aboard, come aboard!" cried the lad, "you too!" The man-at-arms with the long legs got in, and they sailed off to see the king.

In no time all seven reached the castle. Everyone came out to look and shouted with amazement. People rushed to the castle from all around and they couldn't believe their eyes, which they opened very wide. The grubby kitchen boy was there; and the old woman who darned the rags (she came panting up, needle in hand); and the king, the queen, and the damsel too.




The king stared and stared, with his crown askew on his head. Though amazed and frustrated, he'd given his word. He'd said what he'd said and he'd had it announced with flourishes of trumpets. Could he refuse his daughter to the one who came asking for her, quite simply and honestly, with just the boat he himself had requested -- the one that went both on land and on water?
















Thursday, May 24, 2012








Pocahontas (born Matoaka, and later known as Rebecca Rolfe, c. 1595 – March 1617) was a Virginia Indian[1] notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. She was the daughter of Chief Powhatan, the head of a network of tributary tribal nations in the Tidewater region of Virginia. In a well-known historical anecdote, she is said to have saved the life of an Indian captive, Englishman John Smith, in 1607 by placing her head upon his own when her father raised his war club to execute him.




Pocahontas was captured by the English during Anglo-Indian hostilities in 1613, and held for ransom. During her captivity, she converted to Christianity and took the name Rebecca. When the opportunity arose for her to return to her people, she chose to remain with the English. In April 1614, she married tobacco planter John Rolfe, and, in January 1615, bore him a son, Thomas Rolfe.



In 1616, the Rolfes traveled to London. Pocahontas was presented to English society as an example of the civilized "savage" in hopes of stimulating investment in the Jamestown settlement. She became something of a celebrity, was elegantly fêted, and attended a masque at Whitehall Palace. In 1617, the Rolfes set sail for home, but Pocahontas died at Gravesend of unknown causes. She was buried in England, but her resting place is not known.



Numerous places, landmarks, and products in the United States have been named after Pocahontas. Her story has been romanticized over the years, and she is the subject of art, literature, and film. Her descendants through her son Thomas include members of the First Families of Virginia‎, First Ladies Edith Wilson and Nancy Reagan, astronomer Percival Lowell and American reality television personality Benjamin Wade.




Sunday, April 29, 2012

baguette


The word itself was not used to refer to a type of bread until apparently 1920, but what is now known as "baguette" may have existed well before that. Though the baguette today is often considered one of the symbols of French culture viewed from abroad, the association of France with long loaves predates any mention of it. Long, if wide, loaves had been made since the time of Louis XIV, long thin ones since the mid-eighteenth century and in fact by the nineteenth century some were far longer than the baguette: "loaves of bread six feet long that look like crowbars!" (1862); "Housemaids were hurrying homewards with their purchases for various Gallic breakfasts, and the long sticks of bread, a yard or two in length, carried under their arms, made an odd impression upon me." (1898)
A less direct link can be made however with deck ovens, or steam ovens. Deck/steam ovens are a combination of a gas-fired traditional oven and a brick oven, a thick "deck" of stone or firebrick heated by natural gas instead of wood. The first steam oven was brought (in the early nineteenth century) to Paris by the Austrian officer August Zang, who also introduced the pain viennois (and the croissant) and whom some French sources thus credit with originating the baguette.
Deck ovens use steam injection, through various methods, to create the proper baguette. The oven is typically well over 205 °C (400 °F). The steam allows the crust to expand before setting, thus creating a lighter, more airy loaf. It also melts the dextrose on the bread's surface, giving a slightly glazed effect.
An article in The Economist states that in October 1920 a law prevented bakers from working before 4am, making it impossible to make the traditional, round loaf in time for customers' breakfasts. The slender baguette, the article claims, solved the problem because it could be prepared and baked much more rapidly. Unfortunately, the article is not sourced and at any rate France had already had long thin breads for over a century at that point.[citation needed]
The law in question appears in fact to be one from March 1919, though some say it took effect on October 1920: "It is forbidden to employ workers at bread and pastry making between ten in the evening and four in the morning."The rest of the account remains to be verified, but the use of the word for a long thin bread does appear to be a twentieth century innovation.

Friday, March 16, 2012

The 1896 supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary cites Punch magazine which wrote that the term was coined in Britain in 1895 to describe a Sunday meal for "Saturday-night carousers" in the writer Guy Beringer's article "Brunch:A Plea" in Hunter's Weekly' Instead of England's early Sunday dinner, a postchurch ordeal of heavy meats and savory pies, why not a new meal, served around noon, that starts with tea or coffee, marmalade and other breakfast fixtures before moving along to the heavier fare? By eliminating the need to get up early on Sunday, brunch would make life brighter for Saturday-night carousers. It would promote human happiness in other ways as well. Brunch is cheerful, sociable and inciting. It is talk-compelling. It puts you in a good temper, it makes you satisfied with yourself and your fellow beings, it sweeps away the worries and cobwebs of the week. - Guy Beringer, "Brunch: A Plea," Hunter's Weekly, 1895
It is sometimes credited to reporter Frank Ward O'Malley who wrote for the New York newspaper The Sun from 1906 until 1919, allegedly based on the typical mid-day eating habits of a newspaper report

Monday, March 5, 2012

Meerkat

The meerkat or suricate, Suricata suricatta, is a small mammal belonging to the mongoose family. Meerkats live in all parts of the Kalahari Desert in Botswana, in much of the Namib Desert in Namibia and southwestern Angola, and in South Africa. A group of meerkats is called a "mob", "gang" or "clan". A meerkat clan often contains about 20 meerkats, but some super-families have 50 or more members. In captivity, meerkats have an average life span of 12–14 years, and about half this in the wild. "Meerkat" is a loanword from Afrikaans. The name has a Dutch origin but by misidentification. Dutch meerkat refers to the "guenon", a monkey of the Cercopithecus genus. The word "meerkat" is Dutch for "lake cat", but the suricata is not in the cat family, and neither suricatas nor guenons are attracted to lakes; the word possibly started as a Dutch adaptation of a derivative of Sanskrit markaţa मर्कट = "monkey", perhaps in Africa via an Indian sailor on board a Dutch East India Company ship. The traders of the Dutch East India Company were likely familiar with monkeys, but the Dutch settlers attached the name to the wrong animal at the Cape. The suricata is called stokstaartje = "little stick-tail" in Dutch. According to African popular belief (mainly in the Zambian/Zimbabwean region), the meerkat is also known as the sun angel, as it protects villages from the moon devil or the werewolf which is believed to attack stray cattle or lone tribesmen.

Sunday, February 12, 2012

RIP WHITNEY HOUSTON


A pop music superstar whose fame was once nearly as big as her once-in-a-generation voice, Whitney Houston died today at the age of 48. Police are investigating the cause of death, though there are no obvious signs of criminal intent. Houston died in a Beverly Hills hotel room, where she was staying while in town to perform at a musical tribute for her mentor, music executive Clive Davis, which still went on as scheduled this evening. Also moving forward is tomorrow’s Grammy telecast, a show Houston once owned and once again will overshadow, only this time for horribly shocking reasons.

Even with Houston’s successful comeback release, 2009’s I Look To You (which debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard albums chart with sales of 305,000 copies, her best opening-week tally ever), and the planned remake of 1976’s Sparkle she was to star in with Jordin Sparks and Mike Epps, the dark clouds that hung over the back-half of her career never parted completely. Just last month, it was reported that Houston was broke, and financially supported by her record label as she worked on a new album.

Still, Houston had survived so much—gaining and losing tremendous stardom, a troubled (to put it lightly) marriage to Bobby Brown that later became fodder for a bottom-feeding reality show, and countless public humiliations that somehow never prevented people from inviting her to sing at the next award show or music-industry party—that her death at a still-young age can hardly be seen as predictable. Houston had been such a huge star, and her talents as a vocalist still seemed so singular and titanic, that a triumphant return to her former vaunted status always seemed right around the corner. Sadly, that’s all over now.

Houston will inevitably be compared with Amy Winehouse, another prodigiously talented singer whose history with drug abuse first made her a tabloid punchline in the later years of her life, and then a martyr after her untimely demise. But Winehouse’s career lasted only last a few years; Houston in her prime was the most popular female pop singer who ever lived. Statistics tell part of the story: More than 55 million albums sold in the U.S. alone (and more than 100 million more around the world), a record seven consecutive No. 1 singles, and one of the biggest selling songs ever, the lung-busting tear-jerker “I Will Always Love You,” from the mega-selling soundtrack to The Bodyguard. But Houston’s reach can be most plainly heard in the voices of aspiring singers all over the globe. Whether it’s on American Idol or The Voice, or the karaoke night at your neighborhood bar, there are tens of millions people (consciously or not) actively trying to be Whitney Houston. Her loss leaves an Elvis Presley or Michael Jackson-sized hole in popular music.

As much as this can be said about any celebrity, everybody seemed to love Whitney Houston at one time. Even Osama Bin Laden put aside his seething hatred of Western culture for Whitney, obsessing about the day when he might finally meet her. The cover of her 1985 self-titled debut helps to explain why: The 21-year-old Houston is so exotically beautiful that she hardly seems real; the same could be said of her voice, a stunning multi-octave instrument that she wielded like a virtuoso. Just as Eddie Van Halen influenced a generation of guitarists to play faster and flashier then previously seemed humanly possible, Houston inspired legions of pop singers to try and match the awe-inspiring vocal pyrotechnics that gracefully leapt out her larynx.

But like that young woman on the Whitney Houston album cover, the voice was untouchable, even as it seduced millions of listeners. While some singers (most notably Mariah Carey) could match Houston’s notes, nobody could ever quite approach the quality of her tone or the purity of its expression.

Ford Mustang



The Ford Mustang is an automobile manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. It was initially based on the second generation North American Ford Falcon, a compact car.[1] Introduced early on April 17, 1964,[2] dubbed as a "1964½" model by Mustang fans, the 1965 Mustang was the automaker's most successful launch since the Model A.[3] The model is Ford's third oldest nameplate in production[citation needed] and has undergone several transformations to its current fifth generation.

The Mustang created the "pony car" class of American automobiles—sports car-like coupes with long hoods and short rear decks[4]—and gave rise to competitors such as GM's Chevrolet Camaro,[5] AMC's Javelin,[6] and Chrysler's revamped Plymouth Barracuda.[7] It also inspired coupés such as the Toyota Celica and Ford Capri, which were exported to the United States


The Ford Mustang was brought out five months before the normal start of the 1965 production year. The earliest versions are often referred to as 1964½ models, but VIN coded by Ford and titled as 1965 models[8] with production beginning in Dearborn, Michigan on March 9, 1964[9] and the new car was introduced to the public on April 17, 1964[10] at the New York World's Fair.[11]

Executive stylist John Najjar, who was a fan of the World War II P-51 Mustang fighter plane, is credited by Ford to have suggested the name.[12] He was involved in design work on the prototype Ford Mustang I. An alternative view was that Robert J. Eggert, Ford Division market research manager, first suggested the Mustang name. Eggert, a breeder of quarterhorses, received a birthday present from his wife of the book, The Mustangs by J. Frank Dobie in 1960. Later, the book’s title gave him the idea of adding the “Mustang” name for Ford’s new concept car. The designer preferred Cougar or Torino (and an advertising campaign using the Torino name was actually prepared), while Henry Ford II wanted T-bird II.[13] As the person responsible for Ford’s research on potential names, Eggert added “Mustang” to the list to be tested by focus groups; “Mustang,” by a wide margin, came out on top under the heading: “Suitability as Name for the Special Car.”[14][15] The name could not be used in Germany,[16] however, because it was owned by Krupp, which had manufactured trucks between 1951 and 1964 with the name Mustang. Ford refused to buy the name for about US$10,000 from Krupp at the time. Kreidler, a manufacturer of mopeds, also used the name, so Mustang was sold in Germany as the "T-5" until December 1978.

Mustangs grew larger and heavier with each model year until, in response to the 1971–1973 models, Ford returned the car to its original size and concept for 1974. It has since seen several platform generations and designs. Although some other pony cars have seen a revival, the Mustang is the only original pony car to remain in uninterrupted production over five decades of development and revision.

Friday, January 20, 2012

Mothers Day

Mother's Day is a celebration honoring mothers and celebrating motherhood, maternal bonds, and the influence of mothers in society. It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world, yet most commonly in March, April, or May. It complements Father's Day, the celebration honoring fathers.

Celebrations of mothers and motherhood occur throughout the world; many of these can be traced back to ancient festivals, like the Greek cult to Cybele or the Roman festival of Hilaria. The modern US holiday is not directly related to these



Gregorian calendar
Occurrence Dates Country
Second Sunday of February
Feb 13, 2011
Feb 12, 2012
Feb 10, 2013
Norway


3 Mar
Georgia

8 Mar
Afghanistan
Albania
Armenia†

Azerbaijan
Belarus†
Bosnia and Herzegovina†

Bulgaria†
Kazakhstan†
Laos

Macedonia†
Republic of Moldova
Montenegro†
Romania†[10]

Serbia†
Ukraine†
Viet Nam†*


Fourth Sunday in Lent
Apr 3, 2011
Mar 18, 2012
Mar 10, 2013
Ireland
Nigeria

United Kingdom
Bangladesh


21 Mar
(vernal equinox)
Bahrain
Egypt
Jordan
Kuwait
Libya

Lebanon[11]
Oman
Palestinian territories
Qatar
Israeli Arabs[12]

Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Syria

United Arab Emirates
Yemen (all Arab countries in general)
Iraq[13]

25 Mar
Slovenia


7 Apr
Armenia


First Sunday in May
May 1, 2011
May 6, 2012
May 5, 2013
Hungary
Lithuania

Mozambique
Portugal

Spain


8 May
South Korea (Parents' Day)
Pakistan


10 May
El Salvador
Guatemala

Mexico


Second Sunday of May
May 8, 2011
May 13, 2012
May 12, 2013

Anguilla
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Bahamas
Barbados
Belgium
Belize
Bermuda
Bonaire
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei

Canada
Chile
People's Republic of China†[14]
Colombia
Croatia
Cuba[15]
Curaçao
Cyprus
Czech Republic[16]
Denmark

Dominica
Ecuador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
Germany
Gold Coast
Greece
Grenada
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong
Iceland
India

Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Latvia*
Liechtenstein*
Macao
Malaysia
Malta
Burma
Netherlands
New Zealand
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Peru[17]

Philippines
Puerto Rico
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
Singapore
Sint Maarten
Slovakia[16]
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Suriname

Switzerland
Taiwan
Tanganyika
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United States
Uruguay
Viet Nam
Venezuela
Zambia
Zimbabwe


15 May
Paraguay (same day as Día de la Patria)[18]


26 May
Poland "Dzień Matki"


27 May
Bolivia[9]

Last Sunday of May
May 29, 2011
May 27, 2012
May 26, 2013
Algeria
Dominican Republic

France (First Sunday of June if Pentecost occurs on this day)
French Antilles (First Sunday of June if Pentecost occurs on this day)

Haiti[19] Mauritius
Morocco

Sweden
Tunisia


30 May
Nicaragua[20]


1 Jun
Mongolia† (The Mothers and Children's Day.)


Second Sunday of June
Jun 12, 2011
Jun 10, 2012
Jun 9, 2013
Luxembourg


Last Sunday of June
Jun 26, 2011
Jun 24, 2012
Jun 30, 2013
Kenya


12 Aug
Thailand (The birthday of Queen Sirikit)

15 Aug
Costa Rica
Antwerp (Belgium)

Second Monday of October
Oct 10, 2011
Oct 8, 2012
Oct 14, 2013
Malawi


14 Oct
Belarus


Third Sunday of October
Oct 16, 2011
Oct 21, 2012
Oct 20, 2013
Argentina (Día de la Madre)[21]


Last Sunday of November
Nov 27, 2011
Nov 25, 2012
Nov 24, 2013
Russia


8 Dec (Feast of the Immaculate Conception)
Panama[22]


22 Dec
Indonesia[23]


Other calendars
Occurrence Gregorian dates Country
Shevat 30
Between 30 January and 1 March Israel[24]

Baisakh Amavasya (Mata Tirtha Aunsi)
Between 19 and 29 April Nepal

20 Jumada al-thani[n 1]
24 May 2011 Iran[25]

Tuesday, January 10, 2012

POSEIDON


Poseidon (Greek: Ποσειδῶν) was the god of the sea, and, as "Earth-Shaker,"[1] of the earthquakes in Greek mythology.[2] The name of the sea-god Nethuns in Etruscan was adopted in Latin for Neptune in Roman mythology: both were sea gods analogous to Poseidon. Linear B tablets show that Poseidon was venerated at Pylos and Thebes in pre-Olympian Bronze Age Greece, but he was integrated into the Olympian gods as the brother of Zeus and Hades.[2] Poseidon has many children. There is a Homeric hymn to Poseidon, who was the protector of many Hellenic cities, although he lost the contest for Athens to Athena
Poseidon was a major civic god of several cities: in Athens, he was second only to Athena in importance, while in Corinth and many cities of Magna Graecia he was the chief god of the polis.[2]

In his benign aspect, Poseidon was seen as creating new islands and offering calm seas. When offended or ignored, he supposedly struck the ground with his trident and caused chaotic springs, earthquakes, drownings and shipwrecks. Sailors prayed to Poseidon for a safe voyage, sometimes drowning horses as a sacrifice; in this way, according to a fragmentary papyrus, Alexander the Great paused at the Syrian seashore before the climactic battle of Issus, and resorted to prayers, "invoking Poseidon the sea-god, for whom he ordered a four-horse chariot to be cast into the waves."[9]

According to Pausanias, Poseidon was one of the caretakers of the oracle at Delphi before Olympian Apollo took it over. Apollo and Poseidon worked closely in many realms: in colonization, for example, Delphic Apollo provided the authorization to go out and settle, while Poseidon watched over the colonists on their way, and provided the lustral water for the foundation-sacrifice. Xenophon's Anabasis describes a group of Spartan soldiers in 400–399 BCE singing to Poseidon a paean—a kind of hymn normally sung for Apollo.

Like Dionysus, who inflamed the maenads, Poseidon also caused certain forms of mental disturbance. A Hippocratic text of ca 400 BCE, On the Sacred Disease[10] says that he was blamed for certain types of epilepsy

Monday, December 19, 2011

NORTH KOREAN LEADER KIM JONG-IL DEAD AFTER HEART ATTACK





(CNN) -- North Korea's enigmatic leader Kim Jong Il -- who, after succeeding his father 17 years ago, captained his poor, closed nation and antagonized its enemies -- is dead, state media reported Monday. Kim, 69, died at 8:30 a.m. Saturday, according to state media. A tearful broadcaster reported that Kim died due to "overwork" after "dedicating his life to the people." Kim suffered "great mental and physical strain" while on a train during a "field guidance tour," North Korea's state-run KCNA news agency reported. A look back at the life of Kim Jong Il More specifically, the agency reported that Kim suffered a heart attack and couldn't be saved despite the use of "every possible first-aid measure." He had been treated for "cardiac and cerebrovascular diseases for a long period," KCNA noted. Kim Jong Il's death shocks South Korea Report: Kim Jong Il dead North Korea: Our leader is dead His funeral will be held December 28 and the national mourning period extends until December 29, said the news agency. North Korean and communist party officials "released a notice on Saturday informing" members of the Workers' Party of Korea, military "and all other people" of Kim's passing, according to KCNA. South Korea's national security council convened after news broke about Kim's death and was still meeting as of 2 p.m. Monday, President Lee Myung-bak's office said. The president canceled the rest of his Monday schedule, and all members of South Korea's military have been placed on "emergency alert," according to Lee's office. Under the alert -- which is short of the highest possible level -- South Korean forces will monitor North Korean troop movements closely and tighten security measures at sea, according to the ministry of defense. In addition, South Korea's National Police Agency has ordered police across the country to be on emergency work shifts. "South Korea's concern is warranted, frankly, because an insecure North Korea could well be an even more dangerous North Korea," a U.S. official said. The White House, meanwhile, released a statement saying U.S. officials are "closely monitoring reports" of Kim's death and are "in close touch with our allies in South Korea and Japan." This Just In: Up-to-the minute news on the death of Kim Jong Il "We remain committed to stability on the Korean peninsula, and to the freedom and security of our allies," the White House statement said. The son of Kim Il Song, founder of the communist nation, Kim Jong Il had been in power since 1994 when his father died of a heart attack at age 82. The enigmatic leader was a frequent thorn in the side of neighboring South Korea, as well as the United States. There have been reports in recent years about his health, as well as that power will be transitioned to his son, Kim Jong Un. U.S. 'committed' to Korean security Can the son of the 'Dear Leader' lead? What is North Korea's future? North Korea's nuclear program -- and international attempts to hinder its nuclear weaponry potential -- put Kim at odds with many world leaders in recent years, as did his governing style.

Thursday, December 15, 2011

La Boum


La boum (English title: The Party) is a 1980 French language motion picture comedy directed by Claude Pinoteau, and starring Claude Brasseur, Brigitte Fossey, and Sophie Marceau appearing in her film début. The movie was an international box-office hit. The music was written by Vladimir Cosma, with Richard Sanderson singing the song "Reality". A sequel movie La boum 2 was released in 1982

Plot


Thirteen-year-old Vic (Sophie Marceau) is new at her high school. She makes friends with Pénélope (Sheila O'Connor) and together they check out the boys at their school, looking for true love. Vic is frustrated by her parents, who will not allow her to attend the "boum", a big party. Her grandmother, Poupette, helps her out, and Vic ends up falling in love with Matthieu (Alexandre Sterling). While Vic is busy finding her true love, her parent's marriage faces a crisis when her father's ex-girlfriend demands a last night together.[1]

Production


This was Sophie Marceau's first movie. She and her co-star Claude Brasseur (who plays her father) were re-united in the 1986 crime thriller Descente aux enfers playing the parts of husband and wife.

CastClaude Brasseur as François Beretton
Brigitte Fossey as Françoise Beretton
Sophie Marceau as Vic Beretton
Denise Grey as Poupette
Dominique Lavanant as Vanessa
Bernard Giraudeau as Éric Thompson
Jean-Michel Dupuis as Étienne
Jacques Ardouin as Père de Raoul
Evelyne Bellego as Éliane

Sophie Marceau



Sophie Marceau (French pronunciation: [sɔfi maʁso]; born 17 November 1966) is a French actress director, screenwriter, and author. She has appeared in 38 films. As a teenager, Marceau achieved popularity with her debut films La boum (1980) and La boum 2 (1982), receiving a César Award for Most Promising Actress. She became a film star in Europe with a string of successful films, including L'étudiante (1988), Pacific Palisades (1990), and Fanfan (1993). In the 1990s, Marceau became an international film star with her performances in Braveheart (1995), Firelight (1997), and the James Bond thriller The World Is Not Enough (1999).
In February 1980, Marceau and her mother came across a model agency looking for teenagers. Marceau had photos taken at the agency, but did not think anything would come of it. At the same time, Françoise Menidrey, the casting director for Claude Pinoteau's La boum (1980), asked modeling agencies to recommend a new teenager for the project. After viewing the rushes, Alain Poiré, the director of the Gaumont Film Company, signed Marceau to a long-term contract. La boum was a hit movie, not only in France, where 4.5 million tickets were sold, but several other European countries and Japan.[citation needed] In 1981, Marceau made her singing debut with French singer François Valéry on record "Dream in Blue", written by Delanoë.[citation needed]

In 1982, at the age of 15, Marceau bought back her contract with Gaumont for one million French francs.[4] She borrowed most of the money. After starring in the sequel film La boum 2 (1982), Marceau focused on more dramatic roles, including Fort Saganne in 1984 with Gérard Depardieu and Catherine Deneuve, Joyeuses Pâques (Happy Easter) in 1984, L'amour braque and Police in 1985, and Descente aux enfers (Descent Into Hell) in 1986. In 1988, she starred in L'étudiante (The Student) and Chouans!. That year, Marceau was named Best Romantic Actress at the International Festival of Romantic Movies for her role in Chouans![5]

In 1989, Marceau starred in Mes nuits sont plus belles que vos jours (My Nights Are More Beautiful than your Days), which was directed by her long-time boyfriend Andrzej Zulawski. In 1990, she starred in Pacific Palisades and La note bleue, her third film directed by her companion. In 1991, she ventured into the theater in Eurydice, which earned Marceau the Moliere Award for Best Female Newcomer.[5] Throughout the 1990s, Marceau began making less-dramatic films, such as the comedy Fanfan in 1993 and La fille de D'artagnan in 1994—both popular in Europe and abroad. That year, she returned to the theatre as Eliza Dolittle in Pygmalion.[5]

Marceau achieved international recognition in 1995 as Princess Isabelle in Mel Gibson's Braveheart. That year, she was part of an ensemble of international actors in the French film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and Wim Wenders, Beyond the Clouds. In 1997, she continued her string of successful films with William Nicholson's Firelight, filmed in England, Véra Belmont's Marquise, filmed in France, and Bernard Rose's Anna Karenina. In 1999, she played Hippolyta in A Midsummer Night's Dream, and became a villainess Bond girl in her role as Elektra King in The World Is Not Enough. In 2000, Marceau teamed up again with her then-boyfriend Andrzej Zulawski to film La fidélité

Wednesday, December 14, 2011

Pocahontas


Pocahontas (born Matoaka, and later known as Rebecca Rolfe, c. 1595 – March 1617) was a Virginia Indian[1] notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. She was the daughter of Chief Powhatan, the head of a network of tributary tribal nations in Tidewater Virginia. In a well-known historical anecdote that may or may not be true, she is said to have saved the life of Indian captive John Smith in 1607 by placing her head upon his own when her father raised his war club to execute him.

Pocahontas was captured by the English during Anglo-Indian hostilities in 1613, and held for ransom. During her captivity, she converted to Christianity and took the name Rebecca. When the opportunity arose for her to return to her people, she chose to remain with the English. In April 1614, she married tobacco planter John Rolfe, and, in January 1615, bore him a son, Thomas Rolfe.

In 1616, the Rolfes traveled to London. Pocahontas was presented to English society as an example of the civilized "savage" in hopes of stimulating investment in the Jamestown settlement. She became something of a celebrity, was elegantly fêted, and attended a masque at Whitehall Palace. In 1617, the Rolfes set sail for home, but Pocahontas died at Gravesend of unknown causes. She was buried in England, but her resting place is not known.

Numerous places, landmarks, and products in the United States have been named after Pocahontas. Her story has been romanticized over the years, and she is the subject of art, literature, and film. Her descendants through her son Thomas include members of the First Families of Virginia‎, First Ladies Edith Wilson and Nancy Reagan, astronomer Percival Lowell and American reality television personality Benjamin Wade.

Early lifePocahontas's birth year is unknown, but some historians estimate it to have been around 1595 based on the accounts of Captain John Smith. In A True Relation of Virginia (1608), Smith described the Pocahontas he met in the spring of 1608 as being "a child of tenne years old".[2] In a letter written in 1616, he again described her as she was in 1608, but this time she had grown slightly to "a child of twelve or thirteen years of age".[3]

Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief of Tsenacommacah, an alliance of about thirty Algonquian-speaking groups and petty chiefdoms in Tidewater Virginia.[4] Her mother, whose name and specific group of origin are unknown, was one of dozens of wives taken by Powhatan; each wife gave him a single child and then was sent back to her village to be supported by the paramount chief until she found another husband.[5]

Pocahontas's childhood was probably little different from that of most girls who lived in Tsenacommacah. She learned how to perform what was considered to be women's work, which included foraging for food and firewood, farming, and searching for the plant materials used in building thatched houses.[6] As she grew older, she probably helped other members of Powhatan's household with preparations for large feasts.[5] Serving feasts such as the one presented to John Smith after his capture was a regular obligation of the mamanatowick, or paramount chief.[7]

[edit] NamesAt the time Pocahontas was born, it was common for the Algonquian-speaking Virginia Indians to be given several personal names. Bestowed at different times, the names carried different meanings and might be used in different contexts. It was not uncommon for American Indians to have more than one name at the same time, to have secret names that only a select few knew, and to change their names on important occasions.[8] Pocahontas was no different. Early in her life she was given a secret name, Matoaka, but later she was also known as Amonute. None of these names can be translated.[9]

The name Pocahontas was a childhood nickname that probably referred to her frolicsome nature; according to the colonist William Strachey, it meant "little wanton".[10] The 18th-century historian William Stith claimed that "her real name, it seems, was originally Matoax, which the Indians carefully concealed from the English and changed it to Pocahontas, out of a superstitious fear, lest they, by the knowledge of her true name, should be enabled to do her some hurt."[11] According to the anthropologist Helen C. Rountree, Pocahontas "revealed [her secret name] to the English only after she had taken another religious—baptismal—name, Rebecca".[12]

Pocahontas's Christian name, Rebecca, may have been a symbolic gesture to Rebecca of the Book of Genesis who, as the mother of Jacob and Esau, was the mother of two "nations", or distinct peoples. Pocahontas, as an American Indian marrying an Englishman, may have been seen by herself and by her contemporaries as being also, potentially, the mother of two nations

House music

House music is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in Chicago, Illinois, United States in the early 1980s. It was initially popularized in mid-1980s discothèques catering to the African-American,[1][2] Latino American,[1][2] and gay[1][2][3][4] communities; first in Chicago circa 1984, then in other locations such as New York City, New Jersey, Toronto, Montreal, London, Detroit, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Miami. It then reached Europe, and since the early to mid-1990s, it has been infused in mainstream pop and dance music worldwide.

Early house music was generally dance-based music characterised by repetitive 4/4 beats and rhythms centred around drum machines,[5] off-beat hi-hat cymbals and synthesized basslines. Whilst house displayed several characteristics similar to disco music, it was more electronic, minimalistic,[6] and less structured around the song rather than a repetitive rhythm. House music today, whilst keeping several of these core elements, notably the prominent kick drum on every beat, varies a lot in style and influence, ranging from the soulful and atmospheric deep house, to the more minimalistic microhouse. House music has also fused with several other genres creating fusion subgenres, such as Euro house and tech house.[7]

House music, after enjoying significant underground and club-based success from the early 1980s onwards, emerged into the UK mainstream pop market in the mid to late 80s. Popularity quickly followed in Europe, from the late 80s to early 90s, and it became a global phenomenon from the mid 90s onwards.[8] It proved to be a commercially successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. Artists and groups such as Madonna,[9][10] Janet Jackson,[11] Björk, and C+C Music Factory[12][13] incorporated the genre in their work. After enjoying significant success in the early to mid-90s, house music's popularity started to decline by the latter part of the decade;[14] nevertheless, the genre still remained popular and fused into other subgenres which were popular. In Europe, the genre remained highly popular into the 2000s, with groups and artists such as Daft Punk[15] and Justice performing in the genre, and obtaining commercial success and critical acclaim.[16] In the 2000s, a house subgenre known as electro house achieved popularity. Today, house music remains popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene.

Sunday, November 27, 2011

Plastic surgery




Walter Yeo, a British soldier, is often cited as the first known person to have benefited from plastic surgery. The photograph shows him before the procedure (left) and after (right) receiving a skin flap surgery performed by Sir Harold Gillies in 1917.

Plastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction or restoration of form and function. Though cosmetic or aesthetic surgery is the best-known kind of plastic surgery, most plastic surgery is not cosmetic: plastic surgery includes many types of reconstructive surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns.Reconstructive surgery techniques were being carried out in India by 800 BC.[3] Sushruta, the father of Surgery,[4] made important contributions to the field of plastic and cataract surgery in 6th century BC.[4] The medical works of both Sushruta and Charak originally in Sanskrit were translated into Arabic language during the Abbasid Caliphate in 750 AD.[5] The Arabic translations made their way into Europe via intermediaries.[5] In Italy the Branca family[6] of Sicily and Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Bologna) became familiar with the techniques of Sushruta.[5]

British physicians traveled to India to see rhinoplasties being performed by native methods.[7] Reports on Indian rhinoplasty performed by a Kumhar vaidya were published in the Gentleman's Magazine by 1794.[7] Joseph Constantine Carpue spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods.[7] Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in the Western world by 1815.[8] Instruments described in the Sushruta Samhita were further modified in the Western world.[8]



Cosmetic surgery
Rhinoplasty or Nose SurgeryAesthetic plastic surgery involves techniques intended for the "enhancement" of appearance through surgical and medical techniques, and is specifically concerned with maintaining normal appearance, restoring it, or enhancing it beyond the average level toward some aesthetic ideal.

In 2006, nearly 11 million cosmetic procedures were performed in the United States alone. The number of cosmetic procedures performed in the United States has increased over 50 percent since the start of the century. Nearly 12 million cosmetic procedures were performed in 2007, with the five most common surgeries being breast augmentation, liposuction, nasal surgery, eyelid surgery and abdominoplasty. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery looks at the statistics for thirty-four different cosmetic procedures. Nineteen of the procedures are surgical, such as rhinoplasty or facelift. The nonsurgical procedures include Botox and laser hair removal. In 2010, their survey revealed that there were 9,336,814 total procedures in the United States. Of those, 1,622,290 procedures were surgical (p. 5). They also found that a large majority, 81%, of the procedures were done on Caucasian people (p. 12). [12] The increased use of cosmetic procedures crosses racial and ethnic lines in the U.S., with increases seen among African-Americans and Hispanic Americans as well as Caucasian Americans. In Europe, the second largest market for cosmetic procedures, cosmetic surgery is a $2.2 billion business.[13] Cosmetic surgery is now very common in countries such as the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. In Asia, cosmetic surgery has become an accepted practice, and China, followed by India has become Asia's biggest comestic surgery markets.[14] Children undergoing cosmetic eye surgery can be seen in Japan and South Korea.